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26.12.08

COMO FUNCIONA EL MEDIDOR DE ELECTRICIDAD


El medidor eléctrico,
medidor de consumo eléctrico o contador eléctrico, es un dispositivo que mide el consumo de energía eléctrica de un circuito o un servicio eléctrico, siendo esta la aplicación usual. Existen medidores electromecánicos y electrónicos. Los medidores electromecánicos utilizan bobinados de corriente y de tensión para crear corrientes parásitas en un disco que, bajo la influencia de los campos magnéticos, produce un giro que mueve las agujas de la carátula. Los medidores electrónicos utilizan convertidores analógico-digitales para hacer la conversión.
Funcionamiento del medidor electromecánico

El medidor electromecánico utiliza dos juegos de bobinas que producen campos magnéticos; estos campos actuán sobre un disco conductor paramagnético en donde se producen corrientes parásitas.
La acción de las corrientes parásitas producidas por las bobinas de corriente sobre el campo magnético de las bobinas de voltaje y la acción de las corrientes parásitas producidas por las bobinas de voltaje sobre el campo magnético de las bobinas de corriente dan un resultado vectorial tal, que produce un par de giro sobre el disco. El par de giro es proporcional a la potencia consumida por el circuito.es muy importante
El disco está soportado en campos magnéticos y soportes de rubí para disminuir la fricción, un sistema de engranes transmite el movimiento del disco a las agujas que cuentan el número de vueltas del medidor. A mayor potencia más rápido gira el disco, acumulando más giros conforme pasa el tiempo.
Las tensiones máximas que soportan los medidores eléctricos son de aproximadamente 600 voltios y las corrientes máximas pueden ser de hasta 200 amperios. Cuando las tensiones y las corrientes exceden estos límites se requieren transformadores de medición de tensión y de corriente. Se utilizan factores de conversión para calcular el consumo en dichos casos.
Existe una clasificación de los medidores eléctricos dependiendo de sus principales características.
También es importante que hay una bobina de sombra que es una chapita la cual esta cortocircuitada . Dicha bobina posee una R despreciable y por ende en esta se generará una I muy importante , la cual al estar sometida a un campo generara una cupla motora que eliminara el coeficiente de rozamiento de los engranajes. El medidor comenzara a funcionar con el 1 % de la carga y entre un factor de potencia 0,5 en adelanto y atraso.

Medidores de consumo eléctrico por países

Argentina
Para solicitar un nuevo suministro ó Medidor usted deberá presentar ante la Empresa Distribuidora de Energía (Edesur ,Edenor o Edelap) un Certificado ó Declaración de Conformidad de la Instalación, requisito sin el cual será imposible tramitar el pedido.La Declaración de Conformidad de la Instalación es un documento que certifica que la instalación eléctica está en condiciones y de acuerdo a las normas de seguridad vigentes,y se obtiene a traves de un instalador electricista matriculado. Adicionalmente se requerirá:
Documentación personal: documento que acredite identidad personal o jurídica.
Documentación del inmueble: si el solicitante es el propietario: título de propiedad o boleto de compraven
ta.
Si el solicitante no es el propietario: contrato de locación o certificado de domicilio. En estos casos, se deberá abonar un depósito de garantía.
En caso de ser un comercio: adjuntar habilitación municipal o constancia de trámite en curso.
Comprobante de C.U.I.T
Costo de conexión: todo nuevo suministro tiene un costo de conexión. Recuerde consultar sobre su caso en particular.
Datos técnicos: en el momento en que usted realice el pedido del suministro le preguntarán sobre los artefactos o maquinarias que desee conectar a la instalación. (detalle de carga). Juan

Posibles Alteraciones o mal funcionamiento
Ante la corrupción que se realiza en todo el mundo para pagar menos por el consumo de electricidad, muchos usuarios alteran las instalaciones ilícitamente. En México, hay personas que a cambio de un pago colocan "diablitos" y sellos de la compañía eléctrica en los medidores eléctricos para que marquen menos consumo y por lo tanto, las facturas sean más baratas. Este método está penado por la ley, y si la compañía descubre a algún usuario con "diablitos" en sus medidores, o robándose energía de otro usuario (conectando los cables de sus suministros a los de otros usuarios contratados o los postes de energía directamente, para no pagar), se les carga una multa por alterar las instalaciones.
En realidad dicha multa no es mas que un ajuste a la factura del cliente, es decir si el cliente debia consumir 100 kw/h reales, con dicha modificacion solo marca 25 kw/h; cuando la empresa llega a descubrir la alteracion solo cobra 75kw/h x el tiempo que estuvo alterado.
Esto a menudo lo aplica la Comision Federal de Electricidad, cuya compañia es la que suministra energia electrica a Mexico

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