11.1. Instalaciones de gas
El uso de las tuberías de cobre en las instalaciones de gas doméstico y comercial, se ha generalizado por las ventajas que proporciona, tanto en la realización de la instalación como de su funcionamiento, además de que permite alternativas en el diseño al poder elegir entre tuberías de temple rígido y flexible.
Los tipos de tubería utilizados y que el reglamento indica son tuberías de cobre rígido y flexible tipo “L” y tuberías de cobre flexible tipo “Usos Generales”. La razón de utilizar tipos de tuberías que soportan presiones de trabajo mucho muy elevadas en instalaciones en donde la presión no rebasa los 27.94 gr/cm2 es debido a la seguridad que se debe guardar con respecto a los posibles impactos a que están expuestas las líneas al diseñarse (también por reglamento) en forma visible.
Las instalaciones de gas se pueden componer de varios tipos de redes :
• Líneas de servicio
• Líneas de llenado de tanques estacionario
• Líneas de retorno de vapor de las líneas de llenado
11.1.1. Líneas de servicio
Las líneas de servicio se pueden clasificar de varias maneras por el tipo de recipientes fijos o portátiles, por la presión a la que conducen el gas, de baja presión o de alta presión (27.94 gr/cm2 o 1.5 kg/cm2), por la capacidad de alimentación, ya sea unifamiliar o multifamiliar.
También se pueden clasificar por conducir gas L. P. o natural. Sin embargo, en cualquiera de estos casos las tuberías de cobre cumplen su cometido con eficiencia y seguridad. Los diámetros que normalmente se utilizan son de 3/8” a 3/4” tanto en temple rígido como flexible.
11.1.2. Líneas de llenado
Las líneas de llenado cumplen una función específica cuando los tanques estacionarios quedan retirados de los autotanques que los reabastecen, la presión a la que se trabaja en estas líneas es de 17.58 kg/cm2 ; por sus características especiales se describirán detalladamente en otro punto de este capítulo.
11.1.3. Líneas de retorno de vapores
La línea de retorno de vapores tiene una función especial, desalojar los vapores o gases acumulados en la parte superior del tanque estacionario al momento de que se carga éste la densidad de éstos los hace prácticamente incomprimisibles por lo que su desalojo es recomendable en tanques estacionarios de gran capacidad con el objeto de aumentar su eficiencia. Se describe junto con las líneas de llenado en un punto posterior.
11.2. Desarrollo de la fórmula del Dr. Pole y obtención del factor “f” para tuberías de cobre.
11.2.1. Fórmula del Dr. Pole
La fórmula del Dr. Pole, utilizada para el cálculo de la caída de presión en instalaciones de servicio de gas L. P. a baja presión, es la siguiente :
(1)
En la cual :
Q = Gasto (pies cúbicos de gas por hora) también G
K = Coeficiente de flujo
d = Diámetro interior de la tubería (pulgadas)
h = Caída de presión expresada (pulgadas de columna de agua)
S = Gravedad específica del gas (aire=1)
L = Longitud de tuberías (yardas)
Nota : El factor K corresponde a una tubería de hierro de aspereza promedio, tiene un valor de 1350.
Todos los cálculos en México se realizan con el sistema métrico decimal, el primer paso para tener la fórmula en este sistema, será determinar K, por lo que realizaremos las operaciones convenientes considerando :
1 pie cúbico = 0.0283 m3
1 pulgada de columna de agua = 0.00254001 kg/cm2
1 yarda = 0.914401 m
K’ = Factor que sustituye a 1350 para uso de la fórmula con el sistema métrico decimal.
La fórmula queda de la siguiente forma :
(2)
(3)
La Dirección General de Gas ha determinado el valor de K’= 70.7 por lo que la fórmula queda :
(4)
Despejando para la caída de presión (h)
ya que 4,998.49 ≈ 5,000 y tomando S=2 del gas butano se tiene :
(5)
11.2.2. Factor “f”
Los valores de G2 y L son conocidos al plantear el problema, es decir el gasto máximo de aparatos en metros cúbicos por hora y la longitud de tubería en metros.
Los factores restantes, se agrupan para obtener el factor “f” como sigue :
(6)
El cual depende del diámetro de la tubería, por lo que la fórmula (5) queda :
(7)
Como h se expresa en kg/cm2 es conveniente afectarla de tal manera que H sea la caída de presión expresada en un porcentaje de L original
Si se tiene que la presión original en la salida del regulador de baja H1 es de 0.02336 kg/cm2 . La división de H entre H1 dará el porcentaje de disminución o aumento de ésta para lo que (6) se planteará de la siguiente manera :
(8)
A continuación se presentan los valores del factor “f” para los diferentes tipos de tuberías de cobre utilizados en conducción de gas.
Factores “f” para tuberías de cobre tipo “L” rígido
D. N.
(mm)
D. E.
(mm)
D. I.
(cm)
f según (8)
f según
D. G. G.
10
12.700
1.0922
0.976
0.980
13
15.875
1.3843
0.298
0.297
19
22.225
1.9939
0.048
0.048
25
28.575
2.6035
0.0127
0.0127
32
34.925
3.2131
0.0044
0.0044
38
41.275
3.8227
0.00186
0.00186
51
53.975
5.0419
0.00046
0.00046
Factores “f” para tuberías de cobre tipo “L” flexible
D. N.
(mm)
D. E.
(mm)
D. I.
(cm)
f según
(8)
f según
D. G. G.
6.350
9.525
0.8001
4.628
4.600
9.500
12.700
1.0922
0.976
0.970
12.700
15.875
1.384
0.299
15.785
19.050
1.6916
0.109
19.00
22.225
1.9939
Factores “f” para tuberías de cobre tipo “Usos Generales” flexible
D. N.
(mm)
D. E.
(mm)
D. I.
(cm)
f según (8)
6.350
6.350
0.4826
57.960
9.500
7.937
0.6311
15.157
15.785
15.875
1.4097
0.272
19.00
19.000
1.7222
0.100
11.3. Consumo de los aparatos según su tipo en gas L. P.
Cualquier quemador de tipo doméstico que opere con gas licuado de petróleo se diseñará par alcanzar una eficiencia óptima cuando la presión del gas a través del mezclador de aire sea de 27.94 gr/cm2.
Si esta presión es mayor o no se alcanza, el quemador consumirá deficientemente el gas inyectado, la flama se apagará por exceso o escasez de presión. La Dirección General de Gas, tratando de evitar esto señala un valor para la presión al manejarse el gas en tuberías de servicio de baja presión y un máximo de tolerancia que es del 5% en exceso o en defecto. Este valor se determinó en 26.36 cm columna de agua, por lo que la máxima será de 27.68 cm y la mínima de 25.04cm.
El gasto por aparato se determinará por el calibre y cantidad de espreas de cada uno de ellos.
Ejemplo :
A modo de ejemplo, se anexan tres aparatos de uso común en los que se puede apreciar su consumo total, de acuerdo a las espreas que emplean :
• Una estufa con 4 quemadores y horno consume:
4QH = 0.062 x 4 = 0.248 + 0.170
= 0.418 m3/h
• Estufa con 4 quemadores, horno y comal:
4QHC = 0.062 x 4 = 0.248 + 0.062 + 0.170
= 0.480 m3/h
• Estufa con 4 quemadores, horno, comal y rosticero :
4QHCR = 0.062x4 = 0.248 + 0.062 + 0.170 + 0.170 =0.650 m3/h
11.4. Cálculo de diámetros y caídas de presión
11.4.1. Cálculo para tuberías de cobre en instalaciones de gas L. P. ; en baja presión.
Considerando la formula del Dr. Pole (7)
Siendo :
H = Caída de presión en % del original
G = Consumo de gas en m3/h
L = Longitud del tramo a calcular en m
f = Factor para los diferentes diámetros de tubería
El gasto y la longitud son datos conocidos, si la caída de presión se iguala a la unidad, se puede obtener un factor X e igualarlo al de las tuberías comerciales.
(9)
Según el diámetro comercial y con su factor real, se podrá obtener la caída de presión real de los tramos calculados.
Siguiendo el mismo criterio que en los cálculos hidráulicos, la suma de caídas de presión de los diferentes tramos se hará únicamente con respecto al mueble más desfavorable en la línea, o sea a la suma de los tramos que se involucren para llegar a este aparato.
El gasto de los ramales estará dado por el número y consumo de los aparatos que abastezcan.
Consumos Típicos para el Cálculo de Diámetros de Tubería para Instalaciones de Gas L. P. y Natural
Formula del Dr. Pole abreviada
S = Gravedad específica del Propano = 1.53 ; Gas natural = 0.6 ; Aire = 1
P = 27.40 kPa (27.94 gr/cm2) Gas L. P.
APARATO
ESPREA
GAS L. P.
CAL/H
BTU / H
GAS
L. P.
m3/h
ESTUFA DOMÉSTICA
Comal o Quemador
70
1,379
5,473
0.062
Horno, Asador o Rosticero
56
3,782
15,008
0.170
4 QH
9,298
36,896
0.418
4 QHC
10,677
42,369
0.480
4 QHCA ó 4 QHCR
14,458
57,374
0.650
ESTUFA RESTAURANTE
Quemador
66
1,913
7,591
0.086
Plancha o Asador
56
3,782
15,008
0.170
Horno
50
8,630
34,248
0.388
PARRILLA O CAFETERA
70
1,379
5,473
0.062
CONSERVADOR DE ALIMENTOS CALIENTES /Q
74
890
3,531
0.040
CALEFACTOR PARA :
120 m3
64
2,269
9,003
0.102
240 m3
56
3,782
15,008
0.170
360 m3
52
7,073
28,069
0.318
CALENTADOR DE AGUA CON ALMACENAMIENTO
Hasta 110 Lts.
54
5,316
21,096
0.239
Hasta 240 Lts.
47
10,655
42,280
0.479
INFRAROJO POR QUEMADOR
59
3,003
11,916
0.133
REFRIGERADOR DOMÉSTICO
79
369
1,465
0.0166
INCINERADOR
56
3,782
15,008
0.170
CALENTADOR DE AGUA
AL PASO SENCILLO
20,686
82,089
0.930
AL PASO DOBLE
33,365
132,402
1.500
AL PASO TRIPLE
46,711
185,363
2.100
MECHERO BUNSEN
512
2,030
0.023
MÁQUINA TORTILLADORA
48,936
194,190
2.200
Ejemplo :
Para hacer más comprensible el cálculo se anexan planos (planta e isométrico) de una casa habitación tipo, en la cual ha sido diseñada la instalación de gas apegándose al instructivo.
Los tramos se enumeran de la siguiente manera :
Los aparatos instalados son :
n Calentador de almacenamiento de 110 Lts., consume 0.239 m3/h
n Estufa de 4 quemadores y horno, consume 0.418 m3/h
Según (9) para el tramo AB o principal
L = 3 m
G = 0.239 + 0.418 = 0.657 m3/h
Con este valor y comparando con las tablas de los diferentes factores de tuberías de cobre, se observa que se puede utilizar tubería de cobre rígido de menos 3/8” de diámetro.
Sin embargo se propone utilizar una tubería de 3/8” cuyo factor es de 0.980. con este valor se obtiene la caída de presión (H) según la fórmula (7)
El cálculo de los tramos siguientes se hará basándose en este diámetro. Sus diámetros serán igual o menores a éste. Para el tramo BC
Para el tramo CD :
Tramo BE :
Tramo EF :
La suma de los porcentajes de caída de presión se hará con respecto al mueble más desfavorable ya sea por longitud o por consumo, se consideran en este caso dos posibilidades por lo que loa tramos AB, BE y EF, representará una opción y los tramos AB, BC y CD, la otra.
Nota : conforme el factor aumenta, el diámetro disminuye.
La otra posibilidad sería :
La 2ª posibilidad es la mayor de las dos, esto significa que tiene menores diámetros y es mucho menor a 5% por lo que los diámetros propuestos están bien calculados, pudiéndose inclusive reducir, solamente que en tuberías y sobre todo en conexiones de cobre no existen medidas comerciales más pequeñas.
Fig. 11.1. Planos del ejemplo de cálculo de instalación de gas a baja presión
11.5. Tubería de llenado y retorno de vapores
Las tuberías de llenado y de retorno de vapores para recipientes fijos, deberán ser de cobre rígido de Norma para las presiones de trabajo correspondientes, cuando no estén expuestas a daños mecánicos.
1. Tendido y localización
a) Deberán instalarse por el exterior de las construcciones y ser visibles en todo su recorrido. No se considera oculto el tramo que solo atraviese un muro macizo. Si es hueco deberá ahogarse con concreto la parte de la tubería que se aloje en el muro.
b) Salvo que se les aísle apropiadamente, quedarán separadas 20 centímetros como mínimo de conductores eléctricos y de tuberías para usos industriales que conduzcan fluidos corrosivos o de alta tempe-ratura y no cruzaran ambientes corrosivos.
c) Las bocas de toma se situarán al exterior de las construcciones a una altura de 2.50 m o a una altura menor si se les aloja en una caja adecuada para evitar su manejo por personas ex-trañas al servicio. Se prohibe localizarlas al nivel de la banqueta o a uno de inferior. La distancia mínima de la boca de toma a flama deberá ser de 3 m.
d) Siempre se preferirá, para el tendido de la tubería de llenado, que su bajada sea desde las fachadas de la construcción o las paredes laterales que no sean colindantes con otra propiedad. En los casos especiales donde esto no sea posible, el técnico responsable proyectará la solución y pedirá la aprobación de la Secretaria de Comercio. Si la solución implica el tender la bajada por cubos de luz o el recorrido por pasillos, se cumplirán los siguientes requisitos
i) Se utilizará tubo de cobre rígido de norma para las presiones de trabajo correspondientes.
ii) La boca de toma se situará al exterior de las construcciones en las condiciones del punto c). También podrá localizarse en cubos de luz si éste tiene comunicación permanente a la calle y siguiendo el criterio expresado en el inciso b) de la regla 2 de este capítulo.
iii) Se prohibe el recorrido por pasillos destinados exclusivamente al tránsito de personas, si no están suficientemente ventilados en forma permanente en ambos extremos.
e) La instalación de la tubería de retorno de vapor será optativa a juicio del técnico responsable.
2. Se omitirán las tuberías de llenado, siempre que la manguera, en toda su extensión quede a la vista de las dos personas que lleven a cabo la maniobra, en los siguientes casos :
a) Cuando el recipiente a llenar esté localizado en un sitio de acceso directo para el vehículo suministrador.
b) Cuando el recipiente no esté en un sitio de acceso directo para el vehículo suministrador, pero se puede llegar a él con la manguera sin añadirle tramos adicionales, siempre que todo el tendido de la manguera se haga a la intemperie o cruzando en longitud no mayor de 12 m, lugares tales como cocheras no subterráneas o abajo de cobertizos, o por pasillos o lugares similares y que en cualquiera de estos casos se encuentre a la intemperie en ambos extremos. No se permitirá recorrer con manguera pasillos cubiertos que estén destinados exclusivamente al tránsito de personas.
c) Que estando el recipiente localizado en azotea se cumplan las siguientes condiciones:
i) Que la azotea tenga una altura no mayor a 7 m sobre el nivel del piso.
ii) Que el sitio de ubicación del tanque sea accesible y alejado del paño frontal de la construcción no más de 10 m.
iii) Que el lugar de paso de la manguera esté libre de obstáculos y que de existir cables de alta tensión, anuncios eléctricos o flamas de cualquier naturaleza, la distancia a que se encuentren elimine la posibilidad de riesgo anormal.
iv) Que el tendido de la manguera desde el autotanque hasta el paño de la construcción se haga sobre el piso.
3. Las tuberías de llenado de líquido deberán contar con los siguientes accesorios :
a) Válvula de control manual para una presión de trabajo de 28 kg/cm2, inme-diatamente después del acoplador con cuerda ACME al recipiente.
b) En la boca de toma, una válvula de acción manual para una presión de trabajo de 28 kg/cm2 y una válvula automática de no retroceso, sencilla o doble, con cuerda ACME para recibir acoplador.
c) Válvula de seguridad localizada entre las dos válvulas de cierre manual, en la zona más alta de esta tubería, cuyo ajuste de apertura deberá ser de 17.58 kg/cm2.
d) Tubería de purga, controlada con válvula de control manual, que terminará hasta sobresalir en un lugar bien ventilado y orientada en forma tal que sean mínimos los riesgos por el gas purgado.
4. Las tuberías de llenado deberán ostentar el color rojo cuando estén destinadas a conducir gas L. P. en estado líquido y amarillo las que se utilicen para el retorno de vapores, La Dirección General de Gas podrá autorizar el uso de otros colores, si lo justifican razones de estética y no hay posibilidad de confusiones.
5. Las tuberías de retorno de vapor deberán estar dotadas de los siguientes accesorios :
a) Inmediatamente después del acoplador, dotado de opresor con cuerda ACME al recipiente, una válvula de cierre a mano de presión de trabajo de 28 kg/cm2.
b) En la boca de la toma una válvula de cierre a mano para una presión de trabajo de 28 kg/cm2 y una válvula automática combinada de excesos de flujo y de no retroceso.
Fig. 11.2. Línea de llenado para tanque estacionario de gas.
Caídas de presión para tubería de cobre de temple rígido “L”(CR-L) y temple flexible (CF)
Aparato
de
consumo
Gasto
Gas
L.P.
Gasto
Gas
natural
Tipo de
tubería
% de caída de presión por metro
lineal de tubería
φ para gas L. P.
m3/h
m3/h
9.5 mm
12.7 mm
19.1 mm
25.4 mm
Parrilla
2 Q
0.124
0.340
CR- L
CF
0.015
0.070
Incinera-
dor
0.170
0.442
CR- L
CF
0.028
0.133
0.009
0.028
Cafetera
0.186
0.490
CR- L
CF
0.033
0.159
0.010
0.033
Cal. Alm.
100 Lts
0.239
0.621
CR- L
CF
0.056
0.262
0.017
0.055
0.003
Calef.
360
0.318
0.836
CR- L
CF
0.099
0.465
0.030
0.098
0.005
Estufa
4 QH
0.418
1.086
CR- L
CF
0.172
0.805
0.052
0.170
0.008
Cal. Alm.
Doble
0.480
1.250
CR- L
CF
0.225
1.058
0.068
0.223
0.011
Estufa
4QHC
0.480
1.250
CR- L
CF
0.225
1.058
0.068
0.223
0.011
Estufa
4QHCA ó
4QHCR
0.650
1.690
CR- L
CF
0.415
1.946
0.126
0.410
0.020
Estufa
4QH+Cal
0.657
1.712
CR- L
CF
0.423
1.987
0.128
0.419
0.021
0.005
E. Rest
4QHP
0.902
2.370
CR- L
CF
0.797
3.742
0.241
0.790
0.039
0.010
Cal. Paso
Sencillo
0.930
2.445
CR- L
CF
0.848
3.979
0.257
0.839
0.042
0.011
Aparato
de
Gasto
Gas
Gasto
Gas
Tipo de
% de caída de presión por metro
lineal de tubería
consumo
L. P.
natural
tubería
φ para gas natural
m3/h
m3/h
9.5 mm
12.7 mm
19.1 mm
25.4 mm
Parrilla
2 Q
0.124
0.340
CR- L
CF
0.053
0.247
0.016
0.052
Incinera-
dor
0.170
0.442
CR- L
CF
0.090
0.418
0.027
0.088
Cafetera
0.186
0.490
CR- L
CF
0.110
0.513
0.033
0.108
0.005
Cal. Alm. 100 Lts
0.239
0.621
CR- L
CF
0.177
0.825
0.053
0.174
0.008
Calef.
360
0.318
0.836
CR- L
CF
0.322
1.495
0.097
0.316
0.015
Estufa
4 QH
0.418
1.086
CR- L
CF
0.543
2.523
0.164
0.533
0.026
Cal. Alm. Doble
0.480
1.250
CR- L
CF
0.720
3.344
0.217
0.706
0.035
Estufa
4QHC
0.480
1.250
CR- L
CF
0.720
3.344
0.217
0.706
0.035
Estufa
4QHCA ó 4QHCR
0.650
1.690
CR- L
CF
1.316
6.112
0.397
1.290
0.064
0.016
Estufa
4QH+Cal
0.657
1.712
CR- L
CF
1.351
0.407
1.325
0.066
0.017
E. Rest
4QHP
0.902
2.370
CR- L
CF
2.589
0.780
2.539
0.126
0.033
Cal. Paso
Sencillo
0.930
2.445
CR- L
CF
2.756
0.831
2.702
0.134
0.035
Factores de Tuberías = F
mm
pulg
Galv.
CR-L
CF
9.5
3/8
0.493
0.980
4.600
12.7
1/2
0.1540
0.297
0.970
19.1
3/4
0.042
0.048
25.4
1
0.012
0.0127
32.0
1 1/4
0.0028
0.0044
38.0
1 1/2
0.0013
0.00184
50.8
2
0.0003
0.00046
Tablas para el cálculo de caída de presión en tuberías que conducen gas L. P.
Aparato
Tubería
% de caída de presión en cada metro lineal de tubería
de consumo
Material
9.5
mm
12.7
mm
19.1
mm
25.4
mm
Incinerador
0.170 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.028
0.133
0.009
0.028
0.004
Cal. Alim. 110 Lts
0.239 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.056
0.262
0.017
0.055
0.009
0.003
0.002
Calefactor 360
0.318 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.099
0.465
0.030
0.098
0.016
0.005
0.004
Estufa 4QH
H
0.418 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.172
0.805
0.052
0.170
0.027
0.008
0.007
E4QHC ó CA2
H ó
0.480 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.225
1.058
0.068
0.223
0.035
0.011
0.010
E4QHCR
HR
0.650 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.415
1.946
0.126
0.410
0.065
0.020
0.018
E4QH + CA
H +
0.657 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.423
1.987
0.128
0.419
0.067
0.021
0.018
0.005
0.005
E4QHC + CA
H +
0.719 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.507
2.378
0.154
0.501
0.080
0.025
0.022
0.007
0.006
E4QHCR + CA
HR +
0.889 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.790
0.397
0.239
0.782
0.124
0.038
0.033
0.010
0.009
E Rest. 4QHP
0.902 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.797
3.742
0.401
0.241
0.790
0.125
0.039
0.034
0.010
0.009
Cal. de paso
0.930 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.848
3.979
0.257
0.839
0.133
0.042
0.036
0.011
0.010
Aparato
Tubería
% de caída de presión en cada metro lineal de tubería
de consumo
Material
9.5
mm
12.7
mm
19.1
mm
25.4
mm
E4QHC+CA2
H +
0.960 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
0.903
0.454
0.273
0.893
0.141
0.044
0.038
0.011
0.011
E4QHCR + CA2
HR +
1.130 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
1.251
5.874
0.629
0.379
1.238
0.196
0.061
0.053
0.016
0.015
E4QH + Cal. de paso
H +
1.348 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
1.780
0.895
0.540
1.762
0.280
0.087
0.076
0.023
0.021
E4QHC + CP
H +
1.410 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
1.948
0.590
1.928
0.306
0.095
0.083
0.025
0.024
E4QHC + CA2 + CA2
H + +
1.440 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
2.032
1.022
0.615
2.011
0.319
0.099
0.087
0.026
0.025
CP Doble
1.500 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
2.205
0.053
2.163
0.347
0.108
0.095
0.029
0.027
E4QHC + CA + CP
H + +
1.649 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
2.665
0.808
2.637
0.419
0.131
0.114
0.033
0.033
E4QHCR + CA + CP
HR + +
1.719 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
2.896
0.878
2.866
0.453
0.142
0.124
0.038
0.033
E4QHC + CA2 + CP
H + +
1.990 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
3.881
1.176
3.041
0.610
0.190
0.166
0.030
0.048
CP Triple
2.100 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
4.322
1.310
4.278
0.679
0.212
0.185
0.056
0.053
Tortilladora
2.200 m3/h
CR-L
CF
GALV.
4.743
1.437
4.695
0.745
0.232
0.395
0.061
0.113
11.6. De los aparatos de consumo
4. La presión de gas en los orificios de salida de las espreas de los aparatos domésticos será de 26.36 gr/cm2 con una tolerancia máxima de 5%. Esta presión se denominará Baja Presión Regulada. Los cálculos de caída de presión para las instalaciones de las clases A, B y D, se regirán por la fórmula del Dr. Pole ; en las instalaciones de las clases C y F podrán utilizarse otras que deberán especificarse en el reporte.
5. La presión del gas en los orificios de salida de las espreas de los aparatos comerciales o industriales será la adecuada, según las especificaciones de diseño y de fabricación de los quema-dores, autorizados por la Secretaría de Comercio
6. El gasto por aparato se determinará, siempre que sea posible, directamente por las especificaciones señaladas por el fabricante o bien basándose en el calibre de la esprea.
Consumo de propano en espreas
Condiciones :
• m3/h a nivel del mar
• Propano = 88,268 BTU/m3 = 22,244 kcal/m3.
• Presión en la esprea = 27.40 kPa = 27.94 gr/cm2 gas L. P.
• S = 1.54 gas L. P. ; 1 = aire
Esprea
m3/h
Esprea
m3/h
0.008
0.0050
72
0.049
0.009
0.0065
71
0.053
0.010
0.0079
70
0.062
0.011
0.0095
69
0.067
0.012
0.0113
68
0.076
80
0.0143
67
0.081
79
0.0166
66
0.086
78
0.020
65
0.097
77
0.026
64
0.102
76
0.031
63
0.108
75
0.035
62
0.114
74
0.040
61
0.120
73
0.045
60
0.126
Consumo de propano en espreas
(continuación)
Esprea
m3/h
Esprea
m3/h
59
0.133
38
0.811
58
0.139
37
0.851
57
0.150
36
0.895
56
0.170
35
0.954
55
0.213
34
0.973
54
0.239
33
1.013
53
0.279
32
1.061
52
0.318
31
1.135
51
0.354
30
1.301
50
0.388
29
1.462
49
0.420
28
1.552
48
0.456
27
1.636
47
0.479
26
1.716
46
0.517
25
1.772
45
0.530
24
1.834
44
0.582
23
1.885
43
0.624
22
1.950
42
0.690
21
2.004
41
0.727
20
2.055
40
0.756
19
2.190
39
0.781
18
2.263
4. Además de las válvulas de control que se instalen para comodidad de los usuarios, serán obligatorias las siguientes :
a) Una llave de corte con maneral de cierre a mano, antes de cada aparato de consumo, instalada en la tubería rígida. Cuando la totalidad de la instalación sea de cobre flexible, se podrá instalar la llave de paso en la tubería flexible, debiendo quedar firmemente sujeta al muro con abrazaderas o grapas a ambos lados de la llave. Tratándose de aparatos de consumo permanentemente fijos tales como hornos empotrados, calentadores de agua, cocinas integrales, etc., también se podrá instalar la llave de corte en la tubería flexible sin engrapar si el tramo de ésta tiene una longitud no mayor a 50 centímetros. Cuando las condiciones de instalación y aparatos no permitan la colocación de una llave de corte accesible para cada aparato, se instalarán una o más llaves de corte mediante la cual o las cuales se cuente con el medio para controlar la totalidad de los aparatos.
b) En locales comerciales o industriales, una válvula de cierre general, de acción manual, localizada bien visible, en el interior, en sitio libre y de fácil acceso. Cuando no sea posible cumplir estos requisitos de localización en el interior, se colocará al exterior en las condiciones señaladas. Pero en este caso se proveerá el medio adecuado para evitar que manejen la válvula personas ajenas al servicio del usuario.
c) Cuando los aparatos de consumo sean de uso colectivo (escuelas, labora-torios, sanatorios, etc.) se instalará una válvula general de cierre a mano en un lugar adecuado, bien visible y de fácil acceso, para que sea operada exclusivamente por personal docente o administrativo.
d) En las instalaciones domésticas múltiples abastecidas por tanque fijo en que no se usen medidores deberá instalarse una válvula de cierre manual en lugar accesible en un punto antes de la entrada individual de la tubería a cada departamento o casa.
5. Todo aparato de consumo se localizará en forma tal que fácil acceso al mismo y a sus llaves de control.
6. Cuando los aparatos sean instalados en el interior de las construcciones, el sitio elegido para localizarlos deberá permitir una ventilación satisfactoria, que impida que el ambiente se vicie con los gases de combustión y sin corrientes de aire excesivas que puedan apagar los pilotos quemadores.
7. Cuando los aparatos de consumo de instalen en recintos cerrados (closets, nichos, cuarto de máquinas, etc.), será obligatorio instalar chimenea o tiro directo hasta el exterior para desalojar los gases de la combustión, así como proveer el medio adecuado para permitir la entrada permanente de aire del exterior en cantidad suficiente para que el funciona-miento del quemador sea eficiente.
8. Se prohibe instalar calentadores de agua en cuartos de baño, recámaras dormitorios ; la localización de estos aparatos deberá llenar los siguientes requisitos :
a) Preferiblemente se instalarán a la in-temperie o en sitios al aire libre, permanentemente ventilados, con soportes adecuados que impidan es-fuerzos a las tuberías de agua y de gas, Debiendo observarse para su instalación, las recomendaciones del fabricante que no se opongan a este instructivo.
b) Si se instalan en lugares cerrados (cocinas, closets, nichos interiores, cuartos de lavado o planchado, etc.), será obligatorio instalar tiro o chime-nea que desaloje libremente los gases de combustión. Estos tiros deberán tener un diámetro no menor al de la salida del difusor (el cual no deberá ser removido del propio aparato), y deberán tener pendiente ascendente en toda su trayectoria hacia la salida. En caso de que varios calentadores desalojen a una chimenea, ésta deberá tener el diámetro adecuado para su funcionamiento satisfactorio.
c) Cuando la instalación de agua esté alimentada por tinacos elevados, los calentadores de almacenamiento deberán estar provistos de jarro de aire cuyo extremo final rebase el borde superior del tinaco ; o bien de válvulas de relevo de presión si se trata de un sistema cerrado de tubería de agua. En este último caso, si el calentador queda localizado a la intemperie, debe vigilarse que el escape de la válvula quede orientado hacia donde no represente peligro ; si el calentador queda instalado en el interior de la construcción, debe vigilarse que la válvula de presión esté dotada de tubería que desaloje agua y vapor a la intemperie.
9. La localización de los calefactores deberá reunir los siguientes requisitos :
a) Los que se instalen en recámaras y dormitorios deberán ser de “tipo venti-lado”, cuyo diseño permita desalojar al exterior los gases de combustión.
b) Los movibles se conectarán a la tubería fija con rizo de cobre flexible de 1.20 a 1.50 m de longitud. Podrán conectarse con la manguera adecuada para conducir gas L. P. en estado de vapor, cuya longitud no sea mayor de 1.5 m.
10. Tratándose de estufas domésticas no fijas, será obligatoria la instalación de un rizo de tubo de cobre flexible cuya longitud mínima será de 1.5 m.
11. Si las condiciones de la habitación de tipo popular hacen indispensable que la estufa tipo doméstico se instale en recámara, será obligatorio proveer ventilas permanentes abiertas hacia el exterior a nivel del piso y a nivel superior al de la cubierta de la estufa.
12. En las instalaciones de aparatos de consumo se atenderán las instrucciones del fabricante que no se opongan a este instructivo y en defecto de ellas, se adoptarán las medidas de seguridad que aconseje la técnica aceptada como buena para estos trabajos, a juicio del técnico responsable.
11.7. Factores del costo de una instalación de gas
La sencillez de los diferentes sistemas de unión : por soldadura capilar para tuberías rígidas ; compresión y abocinado a 45º, para tuberías flexibles, elimina el uso de costosas y pesadas herramientas a la vez que ahorra tiempo de instalación con mayor rendimiento de mano de obra.
Las longitudes de los rollos y tramos rectos, permiten el ahorro de conexiones además de que pueden librarse en líneas ocultas distancias reglamentarias sin ningún ensamble.
La natural formación de la capa de óxido de cobre, que con el tiempo se convierte en carbonato básico de cobre (pátina) ; le da una extremada resistencia a la corrosión y por consiguiente un mayor tiempo de servicio eficiente.
Para construcciones en serie realizadas sobre prototipos, es decir, de modelos repetitivos las tuberías de cobre son las más indicadas para prefabricar la red de servicio, que por su ligereza en el manejo y transpor-tación resulta económico.
11.8. Simbología para planos de instalaciones de gas
Tanque Fijo
Equipo portátil
Rizo
Tubería oculta
Regulador baja
Regulador alta
Parrilla 4 quemadores
Estufa 4 quemadores
Estufa 4 quemadores y horno
Horno
Calentador almacenamiento menor 110 Lts. S/A
Calentador almacenamiento mayor 100 Lts S/A
Calentador triple al paso
Calefactor
Vaporera o baño maría
Tortilladora doble
Quemador bunsen
Caldera con quemador atmosférico
Vaporizador
Válvula de globo
Válvula de ángulo
Válvula de 3 vías
Válvula de 3 usos
Llave de paso
Manómetro
Filtro
Ventilador
Omega
Medidor de vapor
Tubería Visible
Parrilla 1 quemador
Parrilla 2 quemadores
Parrilla 3 quemadores
Estufa 4 quemadores y rosticero
Estufa 4 quemadores horno y comal
Estufa 4 quemadores horno rosticero y comal
Calentador almacenamiento automático
Calentador de agua al paso
Calentador doble al paso
Cafetera
Incinerador
Tortilladora sencilla
Horno industrial con quemador atmosférico
Aparato industrial con quemador aire - gas
Quemador
Válvula de seguridad o relevo de presión
Retorno automático
Válvula de aguja
Reducción
Medidor venturi
Medidor de orificio
Bomba
Compresora
Extinguidor
Simbología (continuación)
Hidrante
Llovizna contra incendio
Ánodo
Llave de cuadro
Llave de cuadro con orejas
Válvula macho lubricada
Válvula de no retroceso sencilla
Válvula de exceso de flujo
Válvula de corte automática y manual
Unión bridada
Tuerca unión
Punta taponada
Tierra
Conexión abocinada
Conexión pol
Válvula bridada
Válvula solenoide
Válvula de cierre rápido
Válvula de no retroceso doble
Unión soldada
Unión roscada
Conexión ACME
Válvula de 4 pasos
© 2003 Industrias Nacobre, todos los derechos reservados.
Sectores:
[Cobre Construcción]
[Cobre Industrial]
[Aluminio]
[Plásticos]
Entradas
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